高考英语中的异点-----省略与替代

    省略是英语中一个十分普遍而常见的语言现象，尤其多用于有明确的语境的交际英语中，因此省略很自然的成为了高考中一个必考且常考的要点。那么，什么是省略呢？省略就是一个或一组句子不因某个词，短语，结构，甚至句子的删减而产生歧义或语义不明的一种语言现象。就语法范畴而言，省略的内容非常繁复，但根据历次高考的设题情况来看，问题相对集中。现略述如下。

一．点“道”为止
1．简略的答语：其中包括助动词的简略答语，情态动词的简略答语等。注意具体的语境下应使用不同的助动词或情态动词来简略回答。有时还可使用特殊疑问句的简略反问形式。
▲---Come and see me if you are free.
---I will. (I will go and see you if I am free.)
▲---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
---I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.
▲---Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer? 
--- What for?( What do you ask me to go and empty that drawer for? )
2．so与not 的替代: 英语中I think, I guess, I believe, I suppose, I consider, I imagine, I hope（不可说I don’t hope so）等可与so或not 连用替代上文的内容。另外，I am afraid亦可。特别值得一提的是do, prove, say, seem, tell等动词也能与so连用。省略和替代是一个事物的两个方面。往往是从形式上看是省略，而从文意的角度看却是替代。另外，either, both, none, neither和nor等也能起到省略和替代的作用。例如：
▲---You are going abroad? Everybody says so.
▲---It’s going to rain.
---I think so. (so替代It’s going to rain.)
---I am afraid not. (not 指It’s not going to rain.)
▲---Do you like them all?
---None. (none指I like none of them.)
3．So did I, so I did, I did so: 
▲---Mary handed in the homework.
---So did I. (同事异人)
▲---You went to hospital this morning.
---So I did. (同事同人，表认同)
▲My teacher asked me to read the text aloud in class. I did so . (遵照执行)
4．特殊的形容词后的不定式的省略: 表示“急于，乐意，担心”等词义的形容词(如be ready /be afraid /be glad/be willing/be happy等)可省略到小品词to。例如：
▲If he is not willing to please don’t ask him to join us in the game.
▲Mr. Smith was not allowed to enter the music hall though he was eager to.
5．特殊动词后的不定式的省略: 一般而论，其后可接动词不定式的动词或短语动词尤其是那些表示心理、情感、计划等的动词或短语，如expect /want/plan /mean/intend/try/hope/wish/love/hate/decide/afford/refuse/seem/like/prefer/forget 等后，包括would like , would love之类，依据语境可省略到to。有些能接宾语补足的动词，其宾语补足语的不定式可省到to，否定形式为not to。例如：
▲ If you want me to, I will buy the tickets.
▲ Buy this diamond necklace? you cannot afford to！
▲---Will you go to the concert tomorrow? 
--- I am planning to.
▲You'd better go with her if she asked you to. 
另外，某些情态动词短语或助动词短语如ought to /have to /used to /be able to/be going to等亦可依据语境可省略到to。例如：
▲---Must I clean the classroom now? 
---No. You don 't have to.
注：要特别注意当like或want在由when/whenever /what/whatever/as /if/no matter how之类连词引导的状语从句中时，连动词不定式的标记to也需省掉。例如：
▲You can do anything as you like.
▲Just stay at home if you want.
6．特殊的句式: 
▲Why not come to my house? (省掉了do you) 
▲Why go there so often? (省掉了do you)
▲---Wear some flowers. (省掉了you can )
▲---Why just flowers? I need some jewels. (省掉了do I wear)
还有What for…? What about…? How about…? If only…? 等。
7． be 和have: 由于这两个词既可作助动词又可作谓语动词,因此, 在回指上文中应予保留。例如: 
▲---Tom didn’t pass the English test. 
---He should have, but he was not very careful.
▲---Was he a professor of CCNU?
---No, but I know he used to be.
8． 保留连词问题：if, when , than, once, while, unless和as等连词所接的从句往往可省到只剩关键词。在上下文明确的情况下，有时保留连词也可不保留。例如：
▲Correct the mistakes if any. (if there is/are any mistakes)
▲Come and ask me to help you when necessary. (when it is necessary)
▲He arrived at Shanghai one hour earlier than expected. (than it was expected/had been expected)
▲He was always ready to do the task once told to. (once he was told to do the task)
▲Given more time, he could do that better. (If he were given more time)

二、高考“真”传

（一）典题
1．---Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer? (NMET2004，34)
---__________?
A. What for B. What is it C. How is it D. How come
2． ______ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
(Hubei2004,28)
A. Compare B. When comparing 
C. Comparing D. When compared 
3．---Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
---Why ________? John is sitting there doing nothing. (NMET2003，33)
A. him B. he C. I D. me
4．Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (Shanghai 2003，39)
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5．Unless _______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (Shanghai 2003春季，37)
A. invited B. inviting C. invite D. having invited
6．The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET2002，34)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
7．---You forgot your purse when you went out.
---Good heavens, ______. (Shanghai 2002,32)
A. so did I B. so I did C. I did so D. I so did
8．---Write to me when you get home.
---________. (NMET2001春季,6)
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
9．_________some of this juice----perhaps you’ll like it. 
(Beijing2000春季,)
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried
10． ---Will you stay for lunch?
---Sorry, ______. My brother is coming to see me. (NMET1999,15)
A. I mustn’t B. I can’t C. I needn’t D. I won’t 
11． ---You haven’t been to Beijing, have you ?
---_______. How I wish to go there! (NMET1998,7)
A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven’t C. No, I have D. No, I haven’t 
12． ---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
--- I _____, but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET1997,22)
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
13． ---Do you think I could borrow your dictionary?
---_______. (NMET1997)
A. Yes, you may borrow B. Yes, you could
C. Yes, help yourself D. Yes, go on
14． ---I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
---Not at all. _______.
A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not (NMET95)
C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to 
15． ---The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him_______?
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to (NMET95)
16． ---Do you think it’s going to rain over the weekend?
---________. (NMET94)
A. I don’t believe B. I don’t believe it
C. I believe not so D. I believe not
(答案：ADDBA DBCBB DCCDA D)
增2005年高考试题中的省略与替代：
1. —Father ,you promised! （鄂, 34）
—Well, .But it was you who didn’t keep your word first.
A．so was I B．so did I C．so I was D．so I did
2. －Maggie had a wonderful time at the party. （皖, 35）
－ ______, and so did I.
A. So she had B. So had she C. So she did D. So did she
3. —Well. I do think the rabbit is a beautiful, gentle animal which can run very fast.
—_____________.（辽, 32）
A．So it is B．So is it C．So does it D．So it does
4. Mary never does any reading in the evening, _________.（国III, 16）
A．so does John B．John does too
C．John doesn’t too D．nor does John
（答案：DCAD）

（二）点拨
1. 点拨：此题和NMET2003第33小题有惊人的相似之处，而且都是考查省略在交际英语中的应用。 答案D大约相当于What do you ask me to go and empty that drawer for?从目的的角度以反问的形式进行回答。
2. 点拨：此题考保留连词问题。保留连词的核心就是非谓语动词的从句替代作用。当然此题不属于严格意义上的省略考查题，而是一个多重考查题。答案为D。
3. 点拨：此句约相当于Why do you ask me to go and join my sister cleaning the yard? 这种省略形式在口语中特别普遍。例如：---Beat John, Tom.. –Why him? He hasn’t done anything wrong! 这里 Why him? 是Why do we beat John? 的省略形式。答案D。
4. 点拨：此处的when 是保留连词，带一个分词短语，而这实际上，根据主句的主语the drug 和动词take 的逻辑关系来看，是动宾结构，所以，我们选用过去分词的形式与主句的主语一致。答案B。
5. 点拨：此题和上题是同一种省略形式，unless 为保留连词，我们仍然要看主句的主语和从句的谓语动词的逻辑关系，应该说you和invite的关系是比较明确的，“你”是“被邀请的”，所以，动词的-ed 形式合乎要求。只能选A。
6. 点拨：同样，once 为保留连词。而nothing和begin 的关系为动宾关系，故选D。这种省略形式的考查在高考中比较多见，因此考生要特别留心。
7. 点拨：此题属于“同事同人”类。选B。
8. 点拨：首句使用的是祈使句，所以回答应用I will。有两种看法：其一，祈使句的疑问尾句是will you; 其二，I will 是一种情态将来时的表达形式，在纯粹将来时中我们使用I shall。因此，C为上选。
9. 点拨：根据后句来判断，其主语是you,而且前面加了一个perhaps,所以前文必为祈使句。故选B。
10. 点拨：若用I won’t 来回答，则意为“我不愿意”或“我不想留在这里”，明显与上下文意思不合。而B项答案却表达了“我”虽然想但却不能留下的矛盾心态。
11. 点拨：这是根据前文来进行的简略回答，通常使用相应的助动词。答案选D。
12. 点拨：主要的干扰是在B项上，根据but I had an unexpected visitor, 其时态为过去时，因此，若要B答案正确，可在would 后加have构成对过去情况进行的虚拟语气。此题答案只能选C。
13. 点拨：结构help yourself可表示请别人自便。其主要的意思为请受话者取用，通常可省其后的内容。例如：She helped me to vegetables. Help yourself to the cake.故选C。
14. 点拨：一般遇到I am glad to, I am happy to , I didn’t mean to, I want to等都可省略到to, 除非时态的需要还可能省到to 后的have。例如：--She hasn’t done it yet. –-She ought to have.
15. 点拨：此题考不定式的省略，通常省略到to。
16. 点拨：省略与替代在英语中是相对的概念。Not 与so的这种用法属于典型的替代用法。可仔细参看点“道”为止第二条。

（三）预测
省略与替代是一个高考英语考查的语法项目，这一点已被多年来的高考实践所验证，应该说它是一个异点。无论是全国题还是地方题，不管是过去还是现在，它都是一个值得关注的高考考点。保留连词问题，动词不定式省略问题，替代问题，以及省略在交际英语中的应用问题等等仍将是我们应该正视的问题。

三．“逼”真试剑
1．When ___, the museum will be open to the public next year. 
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
2. ---Do you want tea or coffee?
---________. I really don’t mind.
A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither
3. ---I believe we've met somewhere before.
---No, ________. 
A. it isn't the same B. it can't be true C. I don't think so D. I'd rather not
4. _______ met, it won’t be easily forgotten.
A. If you B. When it C. Once D. Once you were
5.She could hear the opening and closing of her nieghbour’s door and then the knocking on _____.
A. his own B. her own C. one’s own D. their own 
6. ---Shall I invite John to my birthday party?
---Yes, it will be nice if you ______.
A. do B. do invite C. are D. invite 
7. ---I’ll be away for a summer holiday. Would you mind going with me?
---_______.
A. I’ll like it B. No, I’ve no time 
C. Not at all, I’d be glad to D. Yes, of course not
8. ---Have you passed the entrance examination?
---No. I ________, but I failed.
A. didn’t pass B. tried to C. tried D. had tried
9. ---Why are they taking all the equipment away?
---The job ______, they are packing up to leave.
A. done B. being done C laws done D. having done
10. ---Do you think the fine weather will keep up?
---_______.
A. I believe it B. I don’t believe it 
C. I believe not so D. I don’t believe so
11. ---Could I use your bike, Jack?
---Of course, you _______.
A. can B. may C. could D. might
12. ---Didn’t you enjoy the performance last night?
---______. It was less wonderful than expected.
A. Yes, I did B. No, I didn’t C. Yes, I didn’t D. No, I did
13. _______ at the meeting surprised all of us.
A. His saying so B. He said so C. What he says D. That he said
14. One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ______. 
A. the other is white B. another white 
C. the other white D. another is white
15. ---I didn’t see her yesterday.
---Of course, you _______, because she had gone to a trip.
A. can’t B. may not have C. can’t have D. mustn’t have 
16. How about the two of us _______ a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
17. ---How much shall I pay for the phone call?
---You ________ . This is free of charge.
A. shouldn’t B. can’t C. don’t have to D. mustn’t 
18. ---Do you think it’s a good idea?
---_______.
A. I’m glad I don’t agree B I’m sorry to agree with you 
C. I’m afraid I don’t think so D. I don’t care
19. Mr. Smith said that it was likely to rain tomorrow and I said that ______.
A. I hope so B. it was really so C. it seemed so D. I knew so
20. ---I hope the children don’t play football in the street.
---I have warned them _____.
A. not play B. not C. not to D. won’t 
（答案：ACCCB ACBAD BBACC CCCCC） [/color]